In this example, the author has entered the legal criteria and added other facts to support the issue. Some shorthand systems have tried to facilitate learning by using characters from the Latin alphabet. Such non-stenographic systems have often been described as alphabetical, and purists might argue that these systems are not a „true” abbreviation. However, these alphabetic systems have value for students who cannot afford the years needed to master shorthand shorthand. Alphabetical shorthand cannot be written at the speed theoretically possible with symbol systems – 200 words per minute or more – but takes only a fraction of the time to reach a useful speed between 70 and 100 words per minute. Its best version merged the elements into a single statement and the sub-themes became sub-headings in the discussion: each of the sub-themes raises a legal issue (determination and interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Landlord and Tenant Act) and involves the determination of the essential facts. This is the most common way to express a problem because it is directly related to the task of answering the customer`s questions. A good question gives the reader an immediate impression of the most important facts and legal reviews. If you have more than one problem, each should be expressed separately, usually as a number. The student who wants to succeed will strive to familiarize himself with all the issues of shorthand.

By reading the stenograms, he will keep abreast of the latest developments in art. The ability to read stenograms is also acquired by reading stenograms in these newspapers. For comparison and inspiration, he will study facsimile notes from practical stenographers. He will never miss an opportunity to improve his use of his art. Finally, he will join a shorthand society, where he will come into contact with other stenographers who share the same goal as him. [10] Before the Meiji era, the Japanese did not have their own abbreviation (kanji had their own abbreviated forms, borrowed next to them from China). Takusari Kooki was the first to teach in a new Western-style non-ideographic abbreviation of his own conception, emphasizing the non-ideological and the new. It was the first shorthand system adapted to Japanese phonetic writing, all other systems were previously based on the idea of complete or partial semantic ideographic writing as used in Chinese characters, and the phonetic approach was mainly peripheral for writing in general. (Even today, Japanese writing still uses syllabaries to pronounce or spell words, or to indicate grammatical words.

Furigana are written next to kanji or Chinese characters to indicate their pronunciation, especially in children`s publications. Furigana are usually written with the hiragana syllabary; Foreign words may not have a kanji form and are spelled with katakana.) [26] Geometric shorthand is based on circles, parts of circles and straight lines arranged strictly horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Early modern systems of shorthand were geometric. Examples include Pitman`s shorthand, Boyd`s syllabic abbreviation, Samuel Taylor`s universal shorthand, the French Prévost-Delaunay, and the Duployé system, which was adapted to write Kamloops` Wawa writing system (used for Chinook jargon). [28] In imperial China, officials used an abbreviated and highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record criminal trials and confessions. These recordings were used to create more formal transcriptions. A cornerstone of the imperial trial was that all confessions had to be corroborated by the signature, personal seal or thumbprint of the accused, which required quick handwriting. [Audit failed] Versions of this technique have survived in clerical professions to the present day, and influenced by Western methods of shorthand, new methods have been invented. [4] [5] [6] [7] Mentor: This statement is clearly written. What is not clear, however, is the logical connection between the first set of facts enumerated and the main legal criteria – whether there is harm to the defendant. Something is missing here.

I want you to rewrite it to make the connection clearer. In Nigeria, shorthand is still taught in higher education institutions, especially for students studying office technology management and business education. As a general rule, you should not fall below the level of subtopics. Two levels of questions are almost always enough to analyze a legal issue and allow your readers to follow your analysis. It is not surprising that inexperienced legal writers sometimes go too far in writing editions to show that they have considered all possible components of a problem. As a memo writer, you want to show that you have considered all avenues of legal analysis. But you demonstrate your legal skills more by focusing thoughtfully on the important issues than with a shotgun approach. Mentor: The explanation of the problem contains two facts and no legal criteria. Nor is it neutral because it provides an essential factual element by way of conclusion.

Please rewrite this. Scripted geometric shortcuts or half-scripts are based on the ellipse. The half-script can be seen as a compromise between geometric systems and writing systems. The first such system was that of George Carl Märes in 1885. However, the most successful system of this kind was the abbreviation Gregg, introduced by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Gregg had studied not only English geometric systems, but also German shorthand Stolze, a shorthand. Other examples are Teeline Shorthand and Thomas Natural Shorthand. Subtopics can help you organize your thinking to structure your memo and give you good descriptive titles that guide the reader through your analysis. This is just a list of elements of the legal test that you must support with evidence to succeed in your claim. This will be a big part of your analysis (and would make great descriptive headlines), but these are not subtopics.

Some legal experts recommend this format because the structure acts as a checklist. If you follow the format, you`ll be sure to cover the law, the facts, and the question to be answered. The problem section reframes the client`s questions into legal questions that identify the relevant legal rules and the client`s relevant facts. In ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro (103-4 BC), a slave and later freedman of Cicero, developed the ironic notes to write Cicero`s speeches. Plutarch (ca. 46 – ca. 120 AD) reports in his „Life of Cato the Younger” (95-46 BC) that Cicero employed several experienced speed writers in a trial of certain insurgents in the Senate, to whom he had taught to make figures from many words in a few short strokes in order to preserve Cato`s speech on this occasion. The tironic notes consisted of Latin root abbreviations (notae) and word end abbreviations (titulae). The original tironic notes were about 4,000 characters long, but new characters were introduced, bringing their number to 13,000. In order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabary was sometimes used. After the fall of the Roman Empire, tironic notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, although they are still known and taught, especially during the Carolingian Renaissance.

After the 11th century, however, they fell largely into oblivion. There are several other pen shortcuts (Ishimura, Iwamura, Kumassaki, Kotani, and Nissokuken), resulting in a total of nine stylus shortcuts. In addition, there is Yamane pen shorthand (of unknown importance) and three machine shortcut systems (Speed Waapuro, Caver and Hayatokun or Sokutaipu). Automatic shorthand has gained some dominance over pen shorthand. [20] Non-stenographic systems often supplement alphabetic characters by using punctuation marks as additional characters, with special emphasis on capital letters, and sometimes by using additional non-alphabetic symbols. Examples of such systems are shorthand, quick writing, and forkner shorthand. However, there are some purely alphabetic systems, including Personal Shorthand, SuperWrite, Easy Script Speed Writing, Keyscript Shorthand, and Yash3k, that limit their symbols to alphabetic characters a priori. These have the added advantage that they can also be typed – for example on a computer, PDA or mobile phone.

Early speedwriting editions were also adapted so that they could be written on a typewriter and therefore had the same advantage. Andrew J. Graham was a remarkable phonotypist who worked between the urgency of Pitman`s and Gregg`s systems. In 1854 he published a short-lived phonotype journal (only 9 issues) entitled The Cosmotype with the subtitle „devoted to what will usefully entertain, instruct and improve mankind”[13][14] and several other monographs on phonography. In 1857, he published his own „Graham`s Brief Longhand”, à la Pitman, which was widely accepted in the United States in the late 19th century.[15] [15] He published a translation of the New Testament. His method earned him a copyright infringement lawsuit against Benn Pitman in Ohio in 1864. [15] Graham died in 1895 and was buried in Rosedale Cemetery in Montclair. Also in 1918 his company Andrew J.