For example, the most common example of emergency road maintenance you`re likely to see in the UK is due to heavy rain. This can lead to flooding that disrupts the entire road network. Flooding can leave significant debris on the road or cause significant damage to the road surface. For this reason, flooding poses a very real risk of injury and even death to road users and pedestrians. Neglect of maintenance can result in the complete failure of a road or require reconstruction that costs three or more times the cost of maintenance. Local maintenance work required continuity on each road, regardless of its technical characteristics. The work is usually done by forced laborers or small entrepreneurs. It includes the following activities: if the pavement is more worn and the road cannot be maintained by patchwork, the renewal of WBM roads is essential. When the WBM road is renewed, the entire surface must be scarified to the full depth using pickaxes. The following factors should be specified to determine the impact of the effective system on capacity: type of lane closure (e.g., rigid shoulder closure, three- to two-lane closure), barrier type, zone type, lateral spacing, and time of day (day or night). First, the Lane Closure Severity Index (MVI) must be calculated by specifying the ratio between the number of lanes opened during construction and the total (or normal) number of lanes (decimal) and the number of lanes open in the work zone.

Next, barrier type (concrete barrier and long-term hard barrier; plastic cone, plastic drum or short-term flexible barrier), surface type, lateral distance, time of day (day or night) and queue flow level (QDR) calculated using the LCSI value. Finally, with RMS, capacity can be determined using QDR and the pre-outage capacity reduction percentage. When using this method, the calculated capacity must not exceed the capacity of the non-work area. When the cracks become deep, the material on the road surface comes off and becomes small bowl-shaped trenches. These are very important for repairs in road maintenance, as they cause damage to vehicles and bicycles. As HCM states, LOS is „a quantitative stratification of one or more key performance indicators representing quality of service.” The existence of RMS causes changes in the road LOT. In other words, RMS can lead to lane closures, road closures, and reduced lateral freedom between vehicles and roadside objects (Transportation Research Board, 2010). These circumstances affect capacity, speed, or both (which are indicators of LOS). The impact of TRAs on road capacity and vehicle speed depends on various factors, such as .dem percentage of heavy vehicles (HPVs), ramps, speed in the work zone, driver composition, weather conditions, duration of the work zone, lane closure, lane width, working time, duration of activity in the work zone, number of lanes blocked, number of lanes opened, type of road, intensity of work area, and degree of work area (Weng and Meng, 2013). The effects of MRE on capacity, speed and road safety have been studied in numerous studies. The most important of these studies are discussed below. Surface treatment can be single or multiple.

Although the best type of top layer is the pre-mixed carpet for road maintenance. Surface treatment methods are used when: Many models used queue speed and length, which are important traffic-related factors, as criteria for assessing vehicle emissions. As mentioned in the previous section, vehicle speed decreases at maintenance sites. Previous studies suggest that higher flow velocities (up to 60 km/h) lead to reduced fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. Thus, the speed reduction in RMS leads to additional emissions. The relationship between speed and fuel consumption is illustrated in Fig. 10.2. If the dry grass burns dangerously, it must be ploughed during road maintenance. In order to improve visibility and increase viewing distance and clearance of the roadway, road pruning should also be carried out. It is important to note that lateral erosion of slopes due to mulching, sowing, etc. must be checked and controlled if necessary to ensure the stability of the slope and shoulders. Also, picking up discarded or blown garbage on the side of the road or on the side of the road should be a routine job.

Human maintenance of roads such as watering (Meng, 2017), snow removal (Bouilloud and Martin, 2006; Bouilloud et al., 2009), road salts (Crevier and Delage, 2001; Thornes et al., 2005) and highway closures (Meng, 2018) could not be overlooked in the CBC`s forecasts. However, the impact of human maintenance on CSR is difficult to predict. Road Environment and Temperature Model (METRo) (Crevier and Delage, 2001) includes a term „snow runoff” to approximate the free movement policy applied by maintenance personnel to most roads. No literature was found to set irrigation on road slides and other influences. Repairs may be required for the damaged part of the road and potholes, or to eliminate shape and surface disparities and eliminate ripple to smooth a rough or uneven driving surface. A pothole is usually due to localized poor gradation of surface materials, provided there are no foundation problems.